Chicago Style
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Chicago Citation Format
Chicago offers two systems: Notes-Bibliography (common in humanities and history) and Author-Date (common in sciences).
Notes-Bibliography System
Uses footnotes or endnotes for citations, plus a bibliography at the end.
Footnote (first reference): 1. Maria Johnson, Modern Writing Techniques (New York: Academic Press, 2024), 42.
Shortened footnote: 2. Johnson, Modern Writing, 55.
Author-Date System
Similar to APA: (Johnson 2024, 42) in text, with a reference list.
When to Use Chicago
History papers, some humanities fields, book publishing, and when your instructor or publisher specifies it. The notes-bibliography system is particularly useful for papers with extensive commentary on sources.